Important terms in chemical engineering (part-1)

Department of Chemical Engineering - In chemical engineering a lot of terms are in use and which are mainly foreign terms, difficult to understand. Therefore in need of guidance. And almost every chemical engineering books contain many foreign terms, whether it's a book in the Indonesian version let alone the original version, or the original version (foreign language).

So that on create a dictionary, but for dictionaries in the world of the chemical engineer, petroleum, mining, gas and petrochemical processes, all in the English version, so different from Indonesian-English dictionary, because these terms are translated in the form of the translation. Therefore, I will discuss terms considered often appears either when attending lectures or already go directly to the industrial world. Again this is important because it will involve process tools in use within the industry.

Abnormally Pressured: A pore pressure higher than a column of seawater for that true vertical depth.
Abnormal Pressure: Pressure outside the normal or expected range.
Abrasion  (Geologic): A form of  mechanical  weathering where loose fragments are transported with water or the wind.
Abrasion (Mechanical): Wearing away by friction.
Abrasive: Particles propelled at a velocity sufficient to cause cleaning or wearing away of a surface.
Abrasive Jetting: A perforating process involving pumping a slurry of liquid and size particles through a nozzle to cut through steel and rock.
ABS: American Bureau of Shipping.
Absolute Ages: Estimation/measurement of age of a formation, fossil, etc., in years before the present.
Absolute Filter Level: A filter rating that purports to set the maximum size of an opening in a filter or the maximum size of the particle that can pass through the filter. The definition varies with use and company.
Absolute Open Flow: The maximum rate that a well can produce atthe  lowest  possible  bottom-hole  pressure  (usually  figured  with  a  gas gradient).
Absolute Open Flow Potential: The theoretical maximum flow that a wellcould deliver with a zero back pressure at the middle of the perforations.
Absolute Permeability: Permeability to a single-phase fluid in a cleaned core.
Absolute Porosity: The percentage of the total bulk volume, that is, pore spaces, voids, or fractures.
Absolute Pressure: (1) The reading of gage pressure plus the atmospheric pressure.  (2)  Gage pressure plus  barometric  or  atmospheric  pressure. Absolute pressure can be zero only in a perfect vacuum. See Pressure, absolute (psia).
Absolute Temperature: Temperature measurement starting at absolute zero (total absence of heat).
Absolute Viscosity: The measure of a fluid’s ability to resist flow without regard to its density. It is defined as a fluid’s kinematic viscosity multiplied by its density.
Absolute Volume: The volume a solid occupies when added to a fluid divided by its weight. m3/kg or gal/lb.
Absolute  Zero:  Zero  point  on  the  absolute  temperature  scale;  equal  to−273.16°C, or 0 K, or −459.69°F, or 0°R.
Absorb: To fill part or all of the pore spaces.
Absorber or Contactor: (1) Equipment in acid gas removal units where neu-tralization reactions of acid gases is achieved using amines or carbonates.(2) A vertical, cylindrical vessel that recovers heavier (longer carbon chain)hydrocarbons from a mixture of lighter hydrocarbons.
Absorptance (Seismic): The ratio of the energy absorbed by a formation inrelationship to the total energy passing through it.
Absorption: (1) The penetration of atoms, ions, or molecules into the bulk mass of a substance. (2) A physicochemical process in which a substance associates with another to form a homogeneous mixture presenting the characteristics of a solution. (3) Not to be confused with adsorption; absorption is one substance that is taken up into the interior of another—adsorption with a “d” is entirely a surface effect. Examples are the swelling of a poly(acrylamide) polymer with aqueous solution (in a disposable nappy) or the dissolution of carbon dioxide in seawater (one of the possible antidotes to global warming that crops up in models of world climate. (4) The disappearance of one substance into another so that the absorbed substance loses its identifying characteristics, while the absorbing substance retains most of its original physical aspects. Used in refining to selectively remove specific components from process streams.
Absorption Gasoline: Gasoline extracted from wet natural gas by putting the gas in contact with oil.
Absorption Oil (Facilities): The wash oil used to remove heavier hydrocar- bons from the gas stream.
Absorption (Processing): The ability of one material to absorb another.
ABS (Plastic): Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene.
Abyssal: Depositional environment of the deepest areas of the oceans.
Abyssal Plain: Large, flat ocean floor, usually near a continent and usuallyover 4 km (13,100 ft) ss.
AC: See Alternating current.
AC: See Asphalt cement.
ACA: See After closure analysis.
Accelerator (Chemical): A chemical that speeds up the rate of a chemicalreaction. Most common are the accelerators used in cementing.
Accelerator (Drilling): An energy-increasing device, with sudden energyrelease, used in a jarring string while fishing.
Access: A stipulation in contracts allowing market players to charge for theuse of capacity in a pipeline or gas facility.
Accommodation: Place where personnel spend their off-duty time on a rig.

Accommodation Platform/Rig: An offshore platform, or semisubmersible rig,built or adapted to provide living quarters for drilling and production personnel.
Accounting Depreciation: The expense that reflects the use of a capital assetduring a period. This is both a cost in the income statement (representing thecost of using the asset during the year) and a reduction in the value of theasset on the balance sheet. The depreciation is generally charged on a unit ofproduction basis.
Accounting Discount Rate: The discount rate used for the calculation ofdecommissioning provisions.
Accounts Receivable: The value of money due from customers at the balancesheet date relating to oil sales and tariff income.
Accretion: The action of particles forming adhering clumps on pipe.
Accumulated Depreciation: The total depreciation attributable to an assetthat has built up over the lifetime of the asset.
Accumulation (Reservoir): An economic quantity of hydrocarbon trapped in a permeable rock stratum.
Accumulator: The storage device for nitrogen-pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is used in operating the blowout preventers.
Accumulator Precharge: The initial nitrogen charge on a BOP accumulator that is placed before the fluid is pumped in to charge the accumulator.

Accumulator (Pressure Control Device): Canisters of hydraulic fluid, pres- surized with a nitrogen gas cap of sufficient pressure and volume to operate all the rams on a BOP in case of power failure to the BOP.

Accumulator (Processing Plant): A vessel that receives and temporarily stores a liquid used in the feedstock or the processing of a feed stream in a gas plant or other processing facility.
Accuracy: The closeness of agreement between the measured value and the exact value.
Acetaldehyde: This is a good example of a case where the IUPAC system may be logical, but can easily engender no end of confusion.
Acetic Acid: (1) A very weak organic acid used for minor and shallow dam- age removal. Also used as a moderately effective iron precipitation preventer. Vinegar is 4% acetic acid. (2) An organic acid compound sometimes used to acidize oil wells.
ACFM: Actual cubic feet per minute.
Acid: (1) There are three definitions: Those of Arrhenius, Bronsted, andLewis acids. In the Lewis conception, which is the most general and useful,an acid is essentially any compound that needs electrons, and a base is basi-cally any compound that wants to give them away. (2) A reactive materialwith a low pH. Common oil field mineral acids are HCl and HCl/HF.
Acid Brittleness: Low ductility of a metal due to its adsorption of hydrogen. More commonly called hydrogen embrittlement.
Acid Chloride: Take a carboxylic acid and replace the OH group with a chlo- rine atom. What you now have is an acid chloride. Acid chlorides react read- ily with water to regenerate carboxylic acid + HCl.
Acid Effect: The change in pulsed neutron capture created by acidizing a carbonate. Acidizing increases interconnected porosity and strands chlo- rides and other ions in the rock.
Acid Flowback Analysis: Chemical analysis of the acid concentration and other chemical and physical measurements in the returning acid.
Acid Fracture: (1) To fracture stimulate a formation by injecting the acid over the parting pressure of the rock and using the acid to etch channels in the fracture face. (2) To part or open fractures in limestone formations by using fluid under hydraulic pressure.
Acid Gas: (1)A gas that contains compounds such as CO2, H2S, or mercap- tans that can form an acid in solution with water. (2) Group of gases that are found in raw natural gas and are usually considered pollutants. Among them are CO2, H2S, and mercaptans. (3) Any produced gas, primarily H2S and CO2, that forms an acid when produced in water.
Acid Inhibitor: Acid corrosion inhibitor. Slows the acid attack on metal.
Acidity: The capacity of water or wastewater to neutralize bases. Acidity is expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate. Acidity is not the same as pH because water does not have to be strongly acidic (low pH) to have a high acidity. Acidity is a measure of how much base must be added to a liquid to raise the pH to 8.2
Acidization: Also referred to as acid treatment. A process whereby acid is squeezed into tight and/or damaged (usually limestone/chalk) reservoirs to improve the flow of hydrocarbons to the well. The acid dissolves a portion of the rock, thereby improving the porosity and permeability characteristics of the reservoir.
Acidize: To treat formations with acid for the purpose of increasing production.
Acidizing a Well: A technique for increasing the flow of oil from a well. Hydrochloric acid is pumped into the well under high pressure to reopen and enlarge the pores in the oil-bearing limestone formations.
Acid Number: A measure of the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) needed to neutralize all or part of the acidity of a petroleum product. Also specified as neutralization number (NN) or value (NV) and total acid number (TAN).
Acid Solubility: The percent by weight loss of exposing a sample of material to an excess of acid.
Acid Stick: A solid stick of chloroacetic or sulfamic acid for small-scale removal of acid-soluble deposits.
Acid Stimulation: (1) Form of hydrochloric acid is pumped down well hole to enlarge pore space in oil-bearing rocks to increase flow and recovery. (2) A well stimulation method using acid. See Acidize.
Acid Treating: Process in which unfinished petroleum products, such as gasoline, naphthas, kerosene, diesel fuel, and lubricating oil stocks, are contacted with sulfuric acid to improved their color, odor, and other properties.
Acid Treatment: A refining process in which unfinished petroleum prod- ucts such as gasoline, naphthas kerosene, diesel fuels, and lubricating stocks are treated with sulfuric acid to improve color, odor, and other properties.
Acoustic Basement: Formations below the deepest zones that can be imaged by an acoustic process.
Acoustic Impedance: The velocity of an imposed sound wave (acoustic velocity) through a rock times the density of the rock.
Acoustic Log: (1) Record of time taken by a sound wave to travel over a certain distance through geologic formations. (2) A generic term for a well log that displays any of several measurements of acoustic waves in rocks exposed in a borehole, for example, compressional-wave transmit time over an interval (sonic log) or relative amplitude (cement bond log).
Acoustic Logging: A sonic travel time record of a formation using a tool with an emitter and a detector. Measures porosity and is useful to compare to other porosity logs to estimate pore filling. Also used to generate rock strength evaluations.
Acoustic Travel Time: The total time required for an acoustic wave to travel through a substance.
Acoustic Velocity: Velocity of an imposed sound wave through a rock.

ACQ: See Annual Contract Quantity.
Acquiring Shipper: In the context of capacity release, a shipper who acquiresfirm capacity rights from a releasing shipper. Also known as “replacementshipper.” See Capacity (gas).
Acquisition Log: The raw, real-time recording of data, later formed into adigital or playback log.
Acreage: (1) An area covered by a lease granted for oil and gas exploration.(2) Land leased for drilling exploration. (3) Land leased for oil and gas explo-ration and development; usually descriptive of more than one lease.
Acre-Feet: One acre (43,560 ft2) to a depth of 1 ft.
Acrylamide Polymer: A nonionic polymer (polyacrylamide) used in floccu-lation, clarifying, and even gelling acids and other brines. Very stable, butdifficult to effectively break.
Acrylic: A resin polymerized from one of several sources: acrylonitrile,acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, etc.