Important Terms in Chemical Engineering (part-2)

Department of Chemical Engineering - In chemical engineering a lot of terms are in use and which are mainly foreign terms, difficult to understand. Therefore in need of guidance. And almost every chemical engineering books contain many foreign terms, whether it's a book in the Indonesian version let alone the original version, or the original version (foreign language).

So that on create a dictionary, but for dictionaries in the world of the chemical engineer, petroleum, mining, gas and petrochemical processes, all in the English version, so different from Indonesian-English dictionary, because these terms are translated in the form of the translation. Therefore, I will discuss terms considered often appears either when attending lectures or already go directly to the industrial world. Again this is important because it will involve process tools in use within the industry.

Adsorption: (1) Not to be confused with absorption, adsorption is the buildup

of a molecule at a surface (such as an oil/water interface). Adsorption generally

occurs because different parts of a molecule have an affinity for the two different

phases on either side of the interface. (2) A physical process in which the mol- ecules of a gas of dissolved substances or of liquids adhere in extremely thin lay- ers to the exposed surface of solid substances with which they come into contact.

Adsorption Band (Seismic): The range of wavelength energy that can be adsorbed by a given formation.

Advanced Turbine Systems: Industrial gas turbines, approximately 5 and

15 MW in capacity, for distributed generation, industrial, and cogeneration

markets; and gas turbines, combined-cycle systems, 400 MW, for large, base-

load, central-station, electric-power generation markets. ATS expectations

are to meet or exceed 60% system efficiencies in the utility market and to

increase efficiencies of industrial turbines by 15%. The new turbines emit far

less nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and unburned hydrocarbons than cur-

rent gas turbine systems. See Combined-cycle gas turbine.

Advanced Waste Treatment: Any process of water renovation that upgrades

treated wastewater to meet specific reuse requirements. It may include gen-

eral cleanup of water or removal of specific parts of wastes insufficiently

removed by conventional treatment processes. Typical processes include

chemical treatment and pressure filtration. Also called “tertiary treatment.”

Aeration: (1) Introduction of air. (2) The process of adding air to water. Air

can be added to water by either passing air through water or passing water

through air. In wastewater treatment, air is added to freshen wastewater and

to keep solids in suspension. With mixtures of wastewater and activated

sludge, adding air helps mixing and provides oxygen for the microorgan-

isms treating the wastewater. (3) The introduction of air or gas into a liquid.

Aeration Liquor: Mixed liquor. The contents of the aeration tank includ-

ing living organisms and material carried into the tank by either untreated

wastewater or primary effluent.

Aeration Tank: The tank where raw or settled wastewater is mixed with

return sludge and aerated. The same as “aeration bay,” “aerator,” or “reactor.”

Aerobic: A condition in which dissolved oxygen is present in the aquatic

(water) environment.

Aerobic Bacteria: Bacteria that will live and reproduce only in an environ-

ment containing oxygen that is available for their respiration (breathing),

namely, atmospheric oxygen or oxygen dissolved in water. Oxygen combined

chemically, such as in water molecules (H2O), cannot be used for respiration by aerobic bacteria.

Aerobic Decomposition: Decomposition and decay of organic material in the presence of “free” or dissolved oxygen.

Aerobic Digestion: The breakdown of wastes by microorganisms in the pres- ence of dissolved oxygen. This digestion process may be used to treat only waste-activated sludge, or trickling filter sludge and primary (raw) sludge, or waste sludge from activated sludge treatment plants designed without primary settling. The sludge to be treated is placed in a large aerated tank where aerobic microorganisms decompose the organic matter in the sludge. This is an extension of the activated sludge process.

Aerobic Process: A waste treatment process conducted under aerobic (in the presence of “free” or dissolved oxygen) conditions.

Aeroderivative Turbine: An industrial gas turbine, the design of which is derived from aerospace turbines, generally between 10 and 50 MW.

AFE (Expense): Authority for expenditure on a well (authorized funds for drilling or workover).

AFE (Well Operation): Annular fluid expansion.

AFLAS: A high-temperature seal elastomer.

AFP: Annular friction pressure.

After Closure Analysis: A fracture performance test method.

After Cooler: Heat exchanger for cooling gas after compression.

Aftermarket Conversion: A standard, conventionally fueled, factory-pro-

duced vehicle to which equipment has been added that enables the vehicle

to operate on an alternative fuel.

AFUDC: Allowance for funds used during construction.

AFV: Annular flow valve.

AGA: American Gas Association.

Agate: Siliceous rock with alternating bands of chalcedony and colored

chert.

Agency Service: An arrangement that allows a gas buyer to give an agent

authority to act on the buyer’s behalf to arrange or administer pipeline trans-

portation and/or sales services.

Agglomerates: Larger particles of material made up of small, independent

pieces.

Agglomeration: (1) A concentration process based on the adhesion of pulp

particles to water. (2) Forming larger droplets, bubbles, or particles from

smaller droplets, bubbles, or particles. (3) The grouping, or coming together

of dispersed suspended matter into larger particles, called “iloc,” which set-

tle more rapidly.

Aggregate (Cementing): An essentially inert mixture of particles of a par-

ticular size range.

Aggregate Receipt Points: (1) A hub where different supply sources inter-

sect on a gas pipeline; (2) multiple producer meters entering a pipeline. See

Hub or market center.

Aggregation: Attraction and adherence of clumps of small particles.

Aggregator: (1) Acts on behalf of groups of producers to collect producer

supplies and sell the gas in commingled blocks to end users. Prior to

deregulation, a limited number of aggregators operated. Aggregators do

not take title to the gas but simply find markets and negotiate prices for

pools of producers. Also called core transport agent. (2) Also a firm that

bargains on behalf of a large group of consumers to achieve the lowest

possible price for utilities such as electricity and gas. The firm “aggregates

or combines many smaller customers into one large customer for pur-

poses of negotiation and then purchases the utility commodity on behalf

of the group.”

Aging: The change in physical properties of raw materials that are being stored. They change slowly at room temperature and quicker at higher temperatures.

AHD (Depth): Along hole depth or measured depth.

AHV (Subsea): Anchor handling vessel.

Air: Standard density of dry air, free of CO2 at 0°C, is 1.292 g/L.

Air Blower: A device used to ventilate manholes and lift stations.

Air Can: Buoyancy device on a spar.

Air Changes: Expression of the amount of air movement or air leakage into

or out of a building in terms of the number of building volumes or room

volumes exchanged.

Air Conditioner: Assembly of equipment for the simultaneous control of airution

temperature, relative humidity, purity, and motion.

Air-Conditioning System: Assembly of equipment for air treatment to con-

trol simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution

to meet the requirements of a conditioned space.

Air Cooler: Heat exchanger that produces cooling and/or condensation of

a fluid using a fan-forced flow of ambient air. The fluid flows through the

inner side of a bundle of tubes provided with external fins to increase the

exchange surface.

Air Density: Equal to 0.763 lb/ft3 at standard temperature and pressure.

Air-Dried Basis: Analysis of a coal sample articulated by the moisture con-

tent in equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere.

Air Drilling: (1) Drilling with air instead of drilling mud (requires diverters

at the surface to handle cuttings and formation fluids). (2) A rotary drilling

technique in which compressed air is used instead of fluids to circulate, or

bring to the surface, bits of rock and other cuttings from the drill bit.

Air Gap: (1) The clearance between the highest water surface that occurs

during the extreme environmental conditions and the underside of the deck.

(2) In plumbing, an unobstructed vertical distance through free atmosphere

between the opening of a pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank and the

water surface of the tank at flood level.

Air Gun: (1) Seismic source for ocean seismic work. (2) Chamber from which

compressed air is released to produce shock waves. The air gun is the most

common technique used for seismic surveys at sea.

Air Handling Unit: Consists of a fan and one or more coils (heating and/

or cooling), filters, mixing boxes, dampers, and their associated controls.

Typically the fan and the coils are mounted within a single cabinet.

Air Hoist: A hoist operated by compressed air; a pneumatic hoist. Air hoists

are often mounted on the rig floor and may be used to lift joints of pipe and

other heavy objects.

Air Injection: An enhanced recovery technique in which air is injected into

the petroleum formation to increase reservoir pressure.

Airlift: (1) A production technique in which an air balance beam pumping

unit is used to lift oil to the surface. (2) A surface piston-driven pumping unit, similar to a beam lift unit. (3) A device for raising liquids by injecting air near the bottom of a riser pipe submerged in the liquid.

Air Pollutant: Any material emitted into the atmosphere either by human activity or natural processes and adversely affecting man or the environment.
Air Pollution: Usually the presence of substances in the atmosphere result- ing either from human activity or natural processes, present in sufficient concentration, for a sufficient time, and under circumstances such as to inter- fere with comfort, health, or welfare of people or the environment.

Air Stripping: Remediation technique to strip volatile contaminants from contaminated groundwater after a spill. It works to oxidize components and to activate bacteria that can digest hydrocarbons.

Air-To-Air Heat Exchanger: Exchanger that transfers heat from an exhaust airstream to a separated supply airstream.

Air Weight: The weight of a string in air without the effect of buoyancy pro- vided by wellbore fluids.

AIS: Annular isolation sleeve.

Akubras: We thought we would put this in because we have met people

from New Zealand who didn’t know what they were and understand that

there are a few New Zealanders in New South Wales. Akubras are a kind of

you beaut hat that all real Ostrayans (e.g., Greg Norman) wear.

AL: Artificial lift.

ALARA: As low as reasonably achievable.

Alarm Point: Preset value of a monitored parameter at which an alarm is

actuated to warn of a condition that requires corrective action.

Albian: The oldest terrain from the Cretaceous period.

Alcohol: (1) The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A series of molecules vary in

chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group;

CH3–(CH2)n–OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol). (2) Any chemical compound where the hydroxy functional group –O–H is bound to

a carbon skeleton. You are probably most familiar with the diols (compounds with two hydroxy groups), which are used in the manufacture of polyesters, and the phenols, where a hydroxy group is bound to an arene.

To Be Continued...!

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