Department of Chemical Engineering - In chemical engineering a lot of terms are in use and which are mainly foreign terms, difficult to understand. Therefore in need of guidance. And almost every chemical engineering books contain many foreign terms, whether it's a book in the Indonesian version let alone the original version, or the original version (foreign language).
So that on create a dictionary, but for dictionaries in the world of the chemical engineer, petroleum, mining, gas and petrochemical processes, all in the English version, so different from Indonesian-English dictionary, because these terms are translated in the form of the translation. Therefore, I will discuss terms considered often appears either when attending lectures or already go directly to the industrial world. Again this is important because it will involve process tools in use within the industry.
BUY BOOK FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (BIG SALE)
Alfred Nobel: A Swedish inventor, businessman, and famous posthumous philanthropist (1833–1896). He developed the mercury percussion detona- tor (1863) and numerous other advances in explosives technology to make blasting safer and easier. He made a lot of money, which he left in his will to provide prizes for people whose work had been of great benefit to humanity and economists. See Nobel Prize.
ALG: Algerian.
Algae: Microscopic plants that contain chlorophyll and live floating or sus-
pended in water. They also may be attached to structures, rocks, or other
similar substances. Algae produce oxygen during sunlight hours and use
oxygen during the night hours. Their biological activities appreciably affect
the pH and dissolved oxygen of the water.
Algal Bloom: Sudden, massive growths of microscopic and macroscopic
plant life, such as green or blue-green algae, which develop in lakes and
reservoirs.
Algicide: Any substance that will kill algae.
Aliphatic: Carbon and hydrogen compounds that may be branched or straight
chained. Aliphatics may be paraffin (saturated) or olefinic (unsaturated).
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: (1) Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are
arranged in open chains that may be straight or branched. (2) Organic hydro-
carbon compounds in which the carbon atoms are joined in open chains,
as opposed to ring structures of aromatic and naphthenic compounds.
Examples are ethane, propane, and butane. Many are building blocks for
petrochemicals.
Aliquot: Portion of a sample.
Alkali: (1) Any of certain soluble salts, principally of sodium, potassium,
magnesium, and calcium, that combine with acids to form neutral salts and
may be used in chemical processes such as water or wastewater treatment.
Examples include calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium bicar-
bonate. (2) A strongly basic solution.
Alkali Metal: A strongly basic metal such as sodium or potassium.
Alkaline: (1) The condition of water or soil that contains a sufficient amount of alkali substances to raise the pH above 7.0. (2) Forming or containing an alkali, and by extension, any base. Strictly speaking, an alkali is the hydroxide or carbonate salt of an element in the first two columns of the periodic table (those unstable alkali and alkaline earth metal things). (3) Basic or pH over 7.
Alkaline Flooding: Large-scale injection of pH > 7 fluids. The basic materi- als may react with oils to form reactants that can reduce viscosity or affect wetting.
Alkalinity: The capacity of water or wastewater to neutralize acids. This capacity is caused by the water’s content of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydrox- ide and occasionally borate, silicate, and phosphate. Alkalinity is expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate. Alkalinity is not the same as pH because water does not have to be strongly basic (high pH) to have a high alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure of how much acid must be added to a liquid to lower the pH to 4.5.
Alkane: (1) Carbon compound containing only carbon and hydrogen and single bonds only. (2) Straight or branched chain hydrocarbons with single- bonded carbon atoms. Describes most oils.
Alkanoic Acid: The proper IUPAC term for what we typically call carboxylic acids.
Alkenes: (1) Carbon compounds containing carbon and hydrogen incorpo- rating one or more double bonds. (2) Straight or branched chain chemicals with some double bonds between carbons.
Alkyd: A resin formed by reaction of polyhydric alcohols and polybasic salts. Saturated or unsaturated oils or fats are involved.
Alkylate: The product of an alkylation reaction. It usually refers to the high- octane product from alkylation units. This alkylate is used in blending high- octane gasoline.
Alkylation: (1) A refining process for chemically combining isobutane with olefin hydrocarbons (e.g., propylene, butylene) through the control of tem- perature and pressure in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product, alkylate, an isoparaffin, has high- octane value and is blended with motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. (2) A refinery process for chemically combining isoparaffin with olefin hydrocarbons. The product, alkylate, has high-octane value and is blended with motor and aviation gasoline to improve the anti- knock value of the fuel.
Alkyl Halide: A carbon compound containing a covalent bond between a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) and an alkane.
Alkyne: Carbon compound containing carbon and hydrogen incorporating one or more triple bonds.
Allocated Pool: A pool in which the total oil or gas production is restricted and allocated to specific wells as defined in a proration agreement.
Allocation: The process of determining ownership of hydrocarbons deliv- ered to the meter or LACT unit on a lease.
Allocation Method: A method of allocating volumes to affected parties when an imbalance occurs.
Allochthonous: Formations transported by fault or similar earth shift movements.
Allogenic: Rock constituents and minerals derived elsewhere from older formations and redeposited.
Allowable: The production limit set on a specific well by a government regu- latory body. Rarely seen.
Allowable Working Pressure or Stress: The maximum stress allowed by code or other agreement or study as a fraction of test pressure. Design pres- sure of the system is related to hoop stress.
Alloy: A composition of two or more metals.
Alluvial Fan: Land counterpart of a river delta. Characteristic of sediments
that have been transported by a fast-moving stream, then dropped out of
the flow as the stream velocity drops as it spreads out. Typical of zones of
heavy water runoff such as those found at the base of mountains in arid and
semiarid climates where flash floods may be seen. Often poorly sorted with
pebble to boulder-sized sediments. Weak cementing typical.
Alluvium: (1) Unconsolidated to well sorted to poorly sorted (gravel to sand
sized) particles transported by water. (2) A deposit of rock materials such as
clay, silt, and sand that have been transported by flowing water.
Alpha Decay: Radioactive decay process where the loss of an alpha particle
from the nucleus lowers the atomic number by two and the atomic mass by four.
Alpha Wave: The initial wave of gravel transport when packing a well with
a deviation over 55°.
Alternate Path Technology: A patented screen design that allows gravel-
packing slurry to flow past an annular bridge point that would normally
stop the placement of gravel.
Alternating Current: Electrical current that reverses direction repeatedly
and rapidly. The change in current is due to a change in voltage that occurs
at the same frequency.
Alternative Fuel: As defined pursuant to the EPACT, methanol, denatured
ethanol, and other alcohols, separately or in mixtures of 85% by volume or
more (or other percentage not less than 70 as determined by the DOE rule)
with gasoline or other fuels, CNG, LNG, LPG, hydrogen, coal-derived liquid
fuels, fuels other than alcohols derived from biological materials, electricity,
or any other fuel determined to be substantially not petroleum and yielding
substantial energy security benefits and substantial environmental benefits.
Alternative Fuel Capability: The on-site availability of a power plant to
burn more than one fuel.
Alternative-Fueled Vehicle: A vehicle either designed and manufactured
by an original equipment manufacturer or a converted vehicle designed to
operate in either dual-fuel, flexible-fuel, or dedicated modes on fuels other
than gasoline or diesel. This does not include a conventional vehicle that is
limited to operation on blended or reformulated gasoline fuels.
Alternative-Fueled Vehicle Converter: An organization (including com- panies, government agencies, and utilities) or an individual who performs conversions involving alternative-fueled vehicles. An AFV converter can convert (1) conventionally fueled vehicles to AFV’s, (2) AFV’s to convention- ally fueled vehicles, or (3) AFV’s to another alternative fuel.
Alum: Aluminum and potassium sulfate compound. Used was water clarifying.
Aluminum Activation Log: An investigation that focuses on aluminum con- tent, an indirect measurement of clay content.
Aluminum Stearate: A mud degasser chemical.
Ambient Air: Surrounding air (usually outdoor air or the air in an enclosure
under study).
Ambient Temperature: (1) Environmental temperature unaffected by other
heat sources, such as radiation from artificial objects. (2) The temperature of
the surroundings, usually an average surface temperature or test surface
temperature.
American Candle: A standard candle whose illuminating power is some-
times employed as a unit in determining this characteristic of kerosene.
Other units are the International and Hefner candles.
American Melting Point: Used for paraffin wax, it is an arbitrary 3°F above
the ASTM D87 test for melting point of paraffin wax.
American National Standards Institute: (1) The coordinating organization
for US federated national standards system. (2) A nonprofit organization
(501(c)3) that administers and coordinates voluntary standardization and
conformity assessment system.
American Petroleum Institute: A trade association and standards orga-
nization that represents the interests of the oil and gas industry. It offers
publications regarding standards, recommended practices, and other indus-
try-related information.
American Society for Testing and Materials: (1) An organization that devel-
ops and publishes technical standards for an extensive range of materials
and products. (2) The ASTM sets standards, quality specifications, and stan-
dard test procedures for determining the quality of petroleum products.
Amide: Any carbon compound containing the functional group –C(O)NH.
Acrylamide, CH2=CH–C(O)NH, is one of the nastiest pieces of work you could hope to come across, but poly(acrylamide) is an innocuous compound found in disposable nappies.
Amination: Use of ammonia–nitrogen by bacteria to form new bacteria.
Amine: (1) Any carbon compound containing the nitrogen bound only to car- bon or hydrogen. The functional group for a primary amine is NH2, for a secondary amine –NH–, and for a tertiary amine nitrogen bound to the three carbon chains. Amino acids are carbon compounds containing both amine and carboxylic acid groups—for example, glycine, NH2–CH2–COOH (biochemists give this compound the symbol (G)). (2) Organic base used in refining opera- tions to absorb acidic gases (H2S, COS, CO2) occurring in process streams. Two common amines are monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA).
Amine Unit: A natural gas treatment unit for removing contaminants (H2S, COS, CO2) by the use of amines. Amine units are often skid-mounted, so they can be moved to the site of new gas production. Gas containing H2S and other impurities must be cleaned up before it is acceptable to gas transmis- sion pipelines.
Amine: (1) Any carbon compound containing the nitrogen bound only to car- bon or hydrogen. The functional group for a primary amine is NH2, for a secondary amine –NH–, and for a tertiary amine nitrogen bound to the three carbon chains. Amino acids are carbon compounds containing both amine and carboxylic acid groups—for example, glycine, NH2–CH2–COOH (biochemists give this compound the symbol (G)). (2) Organic base used in refining opera- tions to absorb acidic gases (H2S, COS, CO2) occurring in process streams. Two common amines are monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA).
Amine Unit: A natural gas treatment unit for removing contaminants (H2S, COS, CO2) by the use of amines. Amine units are often skid-mounted, so they can be moved to the site of new gas production. Gas containing H2S and other impurities must be cleaned up before it is acceptable to gas transmis- sion pipelines.
Amino Acid: A carbon compound containing both an amine (NH2) and a carboxylic acid (–C(O)–OH) functional group. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which can be considered a special case of condensation polymers. Twenty main amino acids are responsible for most of the incredi- ble variation in proteins, and these have been given one-letter symbols (G, Q, V, etc.) by biochemists. An example is glycine, NH2–CH2–COOH (biochem- ists give this compound the symbol [G]).
Ammonia: A colorless, nonflammable, and liquefied gas with a strong smell (NH3); it is easily liquefied by compression or by cooling to about −33°C (−27.4°F). In returning to the gaseous state, it absorbs substantial amounts of heat from its surroundings (i.e., 1 g of ammonia absorbs 327 cal of heat). Because of this property, it is frequently employed as a coolant in refrigerat- ing and air-conditioning equipment; it is used in the manufacture of urea and other fertilizers.
Ammonification: Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia–nitrogen resulting from the biological decomposition of organic matter (i.e., dead plant and animal tissue, fecal matter).
Amorphous: Without crystal form.
Amorphous Kerogen: Kerogen that lacks distinct form or shape under
microscopic examination. May describe oil-prone kerogen.
Amortization: (1) Strictly speaking, this is defined as the depreciation of
intangible assets. However, it is commonly used interchangeably with the
term depreciation. (2) Depreciation, depletion, or periodic charge to expense
asset costs (usually capital costs) over a period of time (usually years) subject
to accounting rules.
AMP: See American melting point.
Amp: See Ampere.
Ampacity: The amount of current (measured in amperes) that a conductor
can carry without overheating.
Ampere: Unit of current measurement. The amount of current that will flow through a 1 Ω resistor when 1 V is applied.
to be continued....!
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